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The Hyksos – The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties
) By then , the 33rd or 34th king of the Thirteenth Dynasty , Dedumesiu I , ascended to the throne . If this king is the one of Manetho Tutimaius , then it would have been during his reign that the Hyksos became rulers of Egypt . After 1633 BC , the Thirteenth Dynasty disappeared altogether from the written records . The founder of the first Hyksos Dynasty , Manetho's Fifteenth Dynasty , was a man called Salitis . Probably , Salitis is also to be identified with a ruler called Sharek whose name appears at monuments dating to this time in Memphis . 'Hyksos' is the Greek form of their ancient name 'hk3-h3swt' (which means the rulers of the foreign lands) . This name gives no indication of race or any clearly definite homeland: it was a term applied to all foreigners in The Hyksos introduced a method of government which was to prove equally successful with all the later invaders who applied it in Egypt: instead of attempting to impose their own governmental structures on the country , they absorbed themselves in the existing Egyptian political system . This did not prevent them from expressing their own cultural identity , but they transcribed their names in the hieroglyphic system of writing , adopted the traditional royal tutelary , and copied Middle Kingdom sculptural styles . In the sphere of religion , they instituted an official Egyptian style cult based on Seth of Avaris , with the introduction of more Semitic features into his iconography . It was at this time that Seth was assimilated with Baal-Reshef and with the Hittite god , Teshub . The Hyksos also continued to worship the Syro-Palestinian goddess , Anta-Astarte The Innovations of the Hyksos Period were innumerable , particularly in the field of warfare , which was revolutionized by the introduction of chariots . The Egyptians were also introduced to innovative items of armor created with new techniques of bronze-working , which would eventually allow the New Kingdom pharaohs to expand eastwards . For 20 years , Salitis , probably based at Memphis , ruled a kingdom comprising both the Delta and the Nile Valley down to Gebelein , as well as the desert trade routes that allowed the Hyksos to make contact with the Nubians . This state of affairs lasted until the reign of Apophis I . Related Articles ..
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